This study aimed to identify and analyze the key drivers of digital entrepreneurship development in the Social Security Organization and to explain their role in shaping the future of digital transformation, organizational innovation, and public value creation. This applied qualitative study involved 30 experts in entrepreneurship, management, information technology, and social security selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and MICMAC analysis. Credibility and trustworthiness were enhanced through expert review, member checking, and intercoder agreement procedures. The findings revealed five overarching themes: digital human capital empowerment, technological infrastructure development, smart governance and policymaking, innovation in insurance services, and digital social justice. Digital leadership, employees’ digital competencies, artificial intelligence and data analytics, innovative organizational culture, and changing stakeholder expectations emerged as the most influential transformative drivers. ISM results indicated a four-level hierarchical structure in which individual and human-capital factors constituted the foundational layer, while social and welfare outcomes represented the final level. MICMAC analysis further demonstrated that digital human capital, information technology infrastructure, and cybersecurity possessed the highest driving power in the system. The results indicate that digital entrepreneurship should be viewed not merely as a technological tool but as a strategic mechanism for enhancing service quality, organizational agility, innovation capacity, public value creation, and social justice. Strengthening digital human capital, expanding technological infrastructure, and fostering innovative leadership can significantly accelerate sustainable digital transformation within the Social Security Organization and other public service institutions.