The present study aimed to explain the mechanisms through which digital supply chain resilience affects firms’ financial and non-financial performance by examining the mediating role of organizational agility and the moderating role of environmental uncertainty. This applied study employed a descriptive-correlational design based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of senior managers, supply chain managers, information technology managers, operations managers, and strategic planning experts working in medium-sized and large organizations in Tehran during 2026. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 384 participants was determined, of which 372 valid questionnaires were retained for analysis. Data were collected through standardized instruments measuring digital supply chain resilience, organizational agility, financial and non-financial performance, and environmental uncertainty. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27 and SmartPLS version 4. Structural equation modeling, mediation analysis, and moderation testing procedures were employed to evaluate the proposed conceptual model. The results revealed that digital supply chain resilience had a significant positive effect on organizational agility (β=0.74, t=18.63), financial performance (β=0.29, t=5.66), and non-financial performance (β=0.31, t=6.12). Organizational agility also demonstrated significant positive effects on financial performance (β=0.43, t=8.72) and non-financial performance (β=0.58, t=11.91). Bootstrapping analysis confirmed the mediating role of organizational agility in the relationship between digital supply chain resilience and financial performance (β=0.32, t=7.88), as well as non-financial performance (β=0.43, t=9.76). Furthermore, environmental uncertainty significantly moderated the relationships between digital supply chain resilience and financial performance (β=0.19, t=3.94) and non-financial performance (β=0.22, t=4.27). The findings indicate that digital supply chain resilience is a critical strategic capability that enhances both financial and non-financial organizational performance. Beyond its direct effects, resilience contributes to organizational success by strengthening organizational agility, while its positive influence becomes more pronounced under conditions of high environmental uncertainty. Therefore, investments in digital capabilities and agility development can serve as effective strategies for improving organizational performance and sustaining competitive advantage in turbulent and uncertain business environments.